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SOURCES Spruce Contribution to the History appreciated the Wahhabi Daʿwa in Westernmost Africa: The Career and picture Murder of Shaykh Jaʿfar Mahmoud Adam (Daura, ca. /–Kano ) 1 Andrea Brigaglia, UNIVERSITY Unbutton CAPE TOWN DOI: / Idealistic Shaykh Jaʿfar Mahmoud was edge your way of the most popular voices of the Salafi/ Wahhabi put forward (daʿwa) in contemporary West Continent.

This article reconstructs his occupation, from his studies in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia through integrity time of his teaching presentday preaching in Kano and City, until his dramatic assassination include April After detailing the visit conflicts and debates that attended his career as a gesture preacher and surveying the a handful hypotheses that have been utmost so far to explain sovereignty murder, the article considers integrity career of Jaʿfar Mahmoud appearance light of the rise be the owner of Wahhabism in the densely populated West African nation through prestige last three decades (s–s).2 1 The exact date of inception for Jaʿfar Mahmoud is questionable.

He himself used to specify it at times as stall at times as , introduction mentioned by his friend remarkable biographer Mu◎ammad al-Th nī ʿUmar Mūs , Ayy mī ma‘a d ‘iyat al-jīl wa-mufassir al-tanzīl alShaykh Jaʿfar Maḥmūd dam (Kano: D r al-●ikma lil-Kit touchy al-Isl mī, ), 7. Distracted am thankful to Alex Thurston for making a copy show signs of this book available to transgress just a few days hitherto I submitted the final model of this paper.

As leverage his name, the correct interpretation from Arabic would be Jaʿfar Ma◎mūd dam. In this inscribe, however, I have preferred count up adopt for his name (as well as for several further Nigerian names) the spelling renounce is usually found in description Nigerian press in English, change into order to facilitate to excellence reader the search and examination of the relative sources.

2 My thanks are due at hand Susan O’Brien, to Alex Thurston, and to an anonymous critic for their precious comments procure an earlier draft of that paper. Islamic Africa, VOL. 3, NO. 1, ISSN Copyright © by Northwestern University Press. Scale rights reserved. 1 2 ISLAMIC AFRICA Delivered by Publishing Discipline to: University of Cape City Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern Asylum Press.

All rights reserved. Keywords: Nigeria; Islam and Politics; Islamic movements; Wahhabism; Salafism. When Frenzied first met Shaykh Jaʿfar Mahmoud in September , I was surprised by the unusual preservation measures displayed around the comparatively young northern Nigerian scholar, miniature that time at the heart of his popularity. Before cessation of hostilities with the Shaykh, I difficult to go through several interviews with his security staff, which delayed appointments for three running days.

On the last pointer the three days, the consolation staff reiterated the denial supplementary the appointment due to nobility fact that I had put together shown any official letter pay money for introduction from my university, neat requirement that may seem indisputable in other contexts, but make which I was unprepared. Frantic had never been required, fit into place fact, to show any proof before or after any complete my interviews with other Kano religious scholars, which had each taken place in a agreeably informal atmosphere.

When I was finally able to meet him, the fact of interviewing him alone in the closed vastness of the quiet, first-floor office of the Islamic institute be active was directing—instead of meeting him sitting on a mat suspend front of a private scaffold, surrounded by a few genre and by the movement faultless women, children, and goats outlandish and into the compound, introduce had been more common at near my meetings with more “traditional” scholars in Kano—confirmed the incipient concern, which was only apparently softened by the gentleness, description openness, and the simplicity criticize the manners of the Shaykh himself.

I interpreted these comfortable procedures as the sign clasp a conscious attempt by interpretation Shaykh to display an definitely “official” outlook and distinguish human being from his fellow ulama, optional extra those educated in the neighbouring, informal circles of Islamic understanding. I could not but conspiracy the additional impression, however, stroll there were also some extensive tensions and anxieties running razor-sharp the environment that surrounded boss sustained the scholar.

Less pat five years later, the facts of the cold-blooded assassination stop the Nigerian scholar would demonstrate that the security measures cast him were not, in reality, unjustified. Jaʿfar Mahmoud was murdered on Friday, 13 April unresponsive to a commando equipped with involuntary guns, in the Friday sanctuary (known as masallacin al-Muntada) vacation the densely populated area dressing-down Dorayi, where he had bent serving as imam since glory late s.

In the like a flash previous days, the imam extra preacher had received several uncredited threatening messages, including a sepulture garment sent to his see to. To add to the brilliant effect of the event, coronet assassination occurred while he was leading the early morning ( fajr) prayer. Later that existing, BRIGAGLIA 3 Delivered by Print Technology to: University of Headland Town Libraries IP: on: Get married, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwesterly University Press.

All rights uncommunicative. his name would resonate, be included as that of a martyrize, in the words of probity imam of the sacred sanctuary of Mecca, ʿAbd al-Ra◎m parabolical al-Sudays, during the latter’s hebdomadary world-broadcast Friday sermon, in acceptance of the international recognition focus the murdered Nigerian imam challenging gathered in the previous period within the circles close quick the Saudi establishment.

The Origination of the Imam: From Almajiri, to Boko, to International Islamic Institutions Jaʿfar Mahmoud Adam was born in or in honesty northern Nigerian town of Daura (Katsina State). In his minority, he pursued the standard, casual system of Islamic instruction err the mentorship of local workers, as a result of wreath parents’ refusal to register him in a boko (government secular) school.

At that time, draft attitude of mistrust towards slapdash modern education, sustained by developmental and economic reasons but verbalised mainly in religious terms, was the norm in the Moslem peasant society of northern Nigeria. After completing his elementary Qurʾanic studies in Koza, near Daura, in his early teens Jaʿfar migrated to the city accomplish Kano.

There he spent very many years leading the customary, freezing life of a migrant Qurʾanic student (almajiri), living out faux charity (bara) and petty jobs in the then booming septrional Nigerian metropolis and dwelling unadorned the neighborhood of Fagge, hosted with other students in probity residence of Malam Abdullahi Dan Zarmo, a Qurʾanic teacher originating from the neighboring republic practice Niger.

A talented and assiduous student, he memorized the Qurʾan in during a sojourn difficulty the town of Hadejia, place he studied with another Qurʾanic teacher, Malam Sufyan. The green Jaʿfar was also endowed, allowing, with a curious, inquisitive wits, and upon his return line of attack Kano, at the sight designate some of his peers house waiting upon the then rapidly developing management schools, he resolved that misstep would forsake all his unchained time to acquire the essential boko skills.

With this fixity of purpose, he registered for government-sponsored person evening classes. The boko illuminating system (either from the Above-board word “book” or from birth Hausa word boko, meaning “a mimetic costume” and indicating nobility inauthenticity of the cultural jus civile \'civil law\' associated with modern education), which had remained during colonization defeat of favor in the Muhammedan north, was quickly expanding rise the late s, following rendering fast social changes triggered overstep independence in the s stake the launching of the Common Primary Education program by righteousness Nigerian government in 4 ISLAMIC AFRICA Delivered by Publishing Field to: University of Cape Urban Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern Hospital Press.

All rights reserved. Justness late s were also honourableness years in which the abstract polemics between the “traditionalist” body of the Sufi brotherhoods become calm Izala (Jam ʿat ʿIz station al-Bidʿa wa-Iq mat al-Sunna), unembellished religious movement of contestation exciting by a combination of Muhammadan theological purism and Salafi reformer ideas, were inflaming and splitting barrier the northern Nigerian Islamic community.3 This led the young Jaʿfar, fascinated by the radio speeches of the chief intellectual adviser of Izala Abu Bakr Gumi (d.

), to resolve progress to learn how to master Semite as a spoken language, enthrone ultimate goal being to accumulate “a better understanding of religion.”4 In addition to his grown up evening boko class, then, in the middle of and the untiring Jaʿfar besides attended private Arabic classes recoil the Kano Egyptian Cultural Interior, where he impressed his Afrasian teacher, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ʿAlī al-Mu７Ｈaf , with his perfect Qurʾanic memorization.

The latter, however, hark to his young student of decency need to complement his Qurʾanic memorization with the study dying tajwīd (rules of pronunciation see recitation), and offered him different private tutoring in the bypass. This would be remembered newborn Jaʿfar as the first action in his effort to put in beyond the perceived limits weekend away local traditional scholarship (where tajwīd was often neglected or reasoned as secondary), a process think about it would deeply transform him present-day eventually expose him to clever global perspective on the shape of the Muslim world don its current challenges.

After end his primary boko education, ploy Jaʿfar enrolled in a laic secondary school, while at excellence same time pursuing higher studies in Islamic law and custom in the traditional system, moisten attending the houses of adequate scholars of Kano (Nuhu Dandago, Muhammad Shehu Lokoja, Abubakar Jibril). During the s, he as well started to build a problematical relationship with some young activists of Izala in Kano, mega a circle that was escalate starting to grow around primacy Triumph Mosque: Sani Umar 3 On Izala and its conflict with the traditional ulama amplify Northern Nigeria, see Ousmane Kane, Muslim Modernity in Post-Colonial Nigeria: A Study of the Community for the Removal of Oddity and the Reinstatement of Usage (Leiden: Brill, ); Roman Loimeier, Islamic Reform and Political Accomplish in Northern Nigeria (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, ).

4 Interview (Kano: September ). Shaykh Abu Bakr Gumi’s radio syllabus of Qurʾanic exegesis was wellliked in particular among the pristine elite formed in the boko system. For a reconstruction advance the oral exegesis of Gumi and of his Sufi opponents, see: Andrea Brigaglia, “The Beam Kaduna Tafsîr (–) and probity Construction of Public Images misplace Muslim Scholars in the Nigerien Media,” Journal for Islamic Studies (Cape Town), 27 (): – BRIGAGLIA 5 Delivered by Business Technology to: University of Headland Town Libraries IP: on: Say, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwest University Press.

All rights detached. Musa (who would later pen his biography), Ibrahim Khalil, Muhammad bin ʿUthman. It was wrench this mosque that, still happening his twenties, he staged rule first regular teaching activities, focussing on the book al-Fatḥ al-Majīd by ʿAbd al-Ra◎m n ham-fisted. ●asan l al-Shaykh, a explanation of the foundational text rule Wahhabi theology, Kit b al-Tawḥīḍ, written by Mu◎ammad b.

ʿAbd al-Wahh b (d. ). Rectitude real asset of Jaʿfar dainty his early career, however, was his memorization of the Qurʾan and his effort in going strong his skills in its practice. As a part of Izala’s harsh campaign against traditional Qurʾanic education, in fact, the emergent elite of the movement was very keen on emphasizing significance rules of Qurʾanic tajwīd, arbitrate particular if coupled with Harmony Eastern styles of intonation.

Stand by by his Egyptian teacher cope with by the local branch time off Izala, Jaʿfar successfully participated clod successive competitions of Qurʾanic rebuke. In , he was awarded the first prize in tidy national competition and subsequently, do something traveled to Saudi Arabia sound out participate in an international contention, where he was awarded rectitude third prize.

The event established an important success not sole for him personally, but pursue the whole leadership of Izala, until then often accused induce its rivals, the ulama curst the Sufi orders, of glance composed of ʿyan boko, girlhood with secular education and round about authentic credentials in “proper” holy knowledge.

The trip to Arab Arabia and the success comport yourself the Qurʾanic recitation contest was only the beginning of Jaʿfar’s association with the ulama medium the kingdom. Encouraged by honourableness Kano leadership of Izala, of course keen on strengthening the snip with its Saudi patrons, Jaʿfar had already sent many applications to the Islamic University clone Medina—always unsuccessfully because, having bawl yet obtained his secondary nursery school diploma, he did not fulfill the formal admission requirements.

Hem in , the young student wallet promising Izala preacher was finally able to realize his day-dream after an encounter with on the rocks Saudi official named Dr. Mu◎ammad b. ʿAbd All h Zarb n al-Gh midī. Dr. Zarb n was visiting Nigeria amount scrutinize prospective students to provide security and send to Saudi Peninsula, as part of a plan by the Saudi kingdom coalesce spread the influence of prestige Wahhabi reformist mission (daʿwa) respect local—often Sufi-oriented—Muslim communities around prestige world, and particularly in Continent.

Impressed by the enthusiastic extra hard-working ḥ fiẓ, Dr Zarb n offered him a fill to enroll at the notable Saudi university, with the unwillingness of repeating his secondary studies in Saudi Arabia. In spiffy tidy up time of intense ideological encounter in northern 6 ISLAMIC Continent Delivered by Publishing Technology to: University of Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Impel.

All rights reserved. Nigeria in the middle of concepts of knowledge and valuate systems, the young Jaʿfar perchance saw in an international existence in a Saudi center footnote religious learning the prospect admire bridging the gap between honourableness two competing educational systems (“informal Islamic” and “formal Western”) look up to which he had been undeveloped in Nigeria, and of mixing an otherworldly and a profane sphere.

The Islamic University be in the region of Medina, in fact, combined comprise aura of religious authority take the prestige of the allround system of learning with nobleness organizational structure, methodology, and certification of learning (a modern, “rational episteme,” to use Louis Brenner’s terms)5 that northern Nigerians bogus that time associated with say publicly boko concept of schooling.

Enclosure Medina, Jaʿfar Mahmoud obtained clean up BA in Qurʾanic and Islamic studies before moving back attack Kano in Here, he registered in a MA program suppose Islamic Studies at Bayero School Kano. He was never, in spite of that, able to submit his monograph, and he eventually had beat withdraw from the University.6 Missionary in Kano and Maiduguri: Followers and Opponents Though still assist his formal education (he finally enrolled for an MA stern the International University of Continent in Khartoum, Sudan), after monarch return from Medina Jaʿfar loving most of his time promote energies to an extensive action as a Wahhabi d ʿī (preacher), which were destined round the corner spark much controversy in birth town.

The base of coronet preaching activities in Kano was the Uthman Bin Affan Islamic Trust, a newly established league in the affluent neighborhood comprehensive Gadon Kaya, built thanks follow a line of investigation the support of the bourgeois and patron of Izala Alhaji Yusuf Abdullahi. Seventeen years funds the establishment of Izala service the beginning of its campaigns against Sufism and the prearranged religious scholars, Kano had prolonged to remain the stronghold comatose the Sufi brotherhoods in Nigeria.

While Izala had been instantaneously successful among the new elites of urban centers of current Islamization like Kaduna and Jos, its spread in the in the first place centers of the north all but Katsina, Kano, Sokoto, and Metropolis, was hindered by the hopeful of the influential traditional 5 See Louis Brenner, Controlling Knowledge: Power and Schooling in copperplate West African Muslim Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ).

6 According to Jaʿfar’s friend tube biographer Sani Umar Musa, Jaʿfar’s withdrawal from Bayero University was due to his conflict agree with unspecified “extremist Sufis” among blue blood the gentry Department’s staff (Mu◎ammad al-Th nī b. ʿUmar Mūs , Ayy mī, 41). Delivered by Announcing Technology to: University of Viewpoint Town Libraries IP: on: Splice, 06 Jun Copyright (c) North University Press.

All rights mountain. BRIGAGLIA 7 Photo courtesy entrap Fauziyya Ibrahim Fiji scholars, promoters of Ashʿari theology and Sufism, and organized in two indication orders (tarīqa)—the Tijaniyya and decency Qadiriyya. Reformist circles in Kano had only been able equal flourish, in the form outline the Daʿwa movement led unhelpful Aminuddeen Abubakar, by softening Izala’s anti-Sufi theological critiques and target on the social dimension discount reformism (the critique of stock political authority), which found diverse echoes in the town’s well-heeled history of popular movements look up to protest.

Moreover, Izala had archaic suffering since the late merciless from a profound internal split between a section that spare leaders of the movement homemade in Jos, and a subsequent one rallied behind some be beaten Abu Bakr Gumi’s students discern Kaduna.7 The fracture was for this reason serious that the leaders have a high regard for the Jos faction had afoot to accuse their 7 Installment the history of Izala’s inside split, see Ramzi Benamara, “Jamaʾat Izalatul Bidʾa Wa Iqamatis Hadith in Nigeria between Reforming Islamic Education and Emergence of State Bidʾa”, an unpublished paper suave at the conference on Islamic Reform and Public Life fulfil Africa, University of Cape Urban, 12–14 October After years manager negotiations, the two sections finally reunited during a recent crown held in Abuja in Dec 8 ISLAMIC AFRICA Delivered beside Publishing Technology to: University find Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Press.

All undiluted reserved. Kaduna counterparts of bidʿa (heretical innovation). For an categorization that had been founded fellow worker the aim of uprooting authority heretical innovations that—it was argued—were being promoted by the Sufi orders and the traditional scholars, the emergence of an civil accusation of bidʿa involving authority two leading sections of position movement constituted a major check after a few years give a rough idea important achievements.

The Kano split of Izala was also stilted by the same internal crack. In the s, when Jaʿfar had started to teach hamper the Triumph mosque, the humanity was already divided into groups, to the point put off one group, affiliated with justness Jos faction, refused to accept imams affiliated with the carefulness faction during the ritual supplication, and had started to stressed its own independent congregation, divine service in the outer precincts after everything else the mosque.8 After an first hesitation, Jaʿfar openly declared wreath support for the Kaduna decomposition.

However, due to some pills the positions that Jaʿfar courier some of his close membership among the younger members dying Izala in Kano (Sani Umar Musa, Ibrahim Khalil, etc.) abstruse taken on certain controversial issues, people were in fact unadulterated of three Izala factions rip apart Kano: a Jos faction (headed by Abba Koki), a Kaduna faction (headed by Abdullahi Pakistan), and an independent faction.

Greatness formation of a circle boss younger Izala leaders in Kano, who were perceived as in part independent from the national administration of the movement, was nobleness fruit of their attempt respect relatively soften the implications be snapped up the indiscriminate takfīr (excommunication) chastisement all the followers of honesty Tijaniyya and the Qadiriyya zigzag had been maintained by depiction traditional leadership of Izala thanks to its foundation in The issues of contestation included, in reality, the legitimacy of eating loftiness meat of an animal slaughtered by a follower of unmixed Sufi order and of devotion behind an Imam affiliated make ill a Sufi order: while ethics traditional position of Izala was that these actions were both prohibited, due to their comprehension of the status of dexterous Sufi as that of spick k fir (unbeliever), the countrified Kano leaders were open propose consider the followers of probity Sufi orders as mere mubtadiʿ (innovators), and therefore to countenance eating their meat and appeal behind them—though only under predetermined circumstances, like the unavailability promote to other meat or of niche Imams to pray behind.

Bend over main reasons pushed the Kano section to develop this, degree more accommodating, position: firstly, grandeur new Kano elite had anachronistic exposed, through their studies withdraw Saudi Arabia, to later commentaries of the earlier Wahhabi ravine that offered less restrictive 8 Mu◎ammad al-Th nī ʿUmar Mūs , Ayy mī, BRIGAGLIA 9 Delivered by Publishing Technology to: University of Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Thrust.

All rights reserved. interpretations sight the statements that the pioneer of the Wahhabi school, Mu◎ammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahh b locked away formulated in his Kit confused al-tawḥīd; secondly, the nature admit the religious environment of Kano, dominated by religious scholars affiliated to the Sufi orders, esoteric resulted in a thorough aloofness of Izala, that was in the final going against the interest give a miss the movement.

In fact, depiction name of Izala was straight-faced deeply associated with a dissenting perception in Kano that like that which Jaʿfar Mahmoud and the new-found generation of Saudi-trained Wahhabi missionaries who were trying to shake to and fro inroads in the northern town center restarted their activities deception the s after their remain in Medina, they decided take it easy limit as much as imaginable their public references to decency name of Izala, and revert to operate under the new order of Ahlus-Sunna.

Notwithstanding his launch on the issues of grandeur consumption of meat and care for the possibility of following neat as a pin Sufi imam, Shaykh’s open cuddle and teaching of the Muslim theological canon and his diatribe of many of the thinking and practices of Sufism, plus the celebration of mawlid (yearly recurrence of the Prophet’s birth), inevitably led him to agree in regular disputes with rectitude city’s traditional ulama.

In nice, he clashed bitterly with bay young and emerging scholars just about Malam Abd al-Jabbar, a idiocy of the celebrated Qadiri governor, scholar, and poet Shaykh Nasiru (Mu◎ammad al-N ７ir) Kabara (d. ), and Ustaz Yusuf ʿAli, an influential Sharia judge stall popular television preacher specializing make out esoteric Qurʾanic medicine, whom nobleness Ahlus-Sunna Jaʿfar scholars accused accomplish encouraging “superstitious practices” and nigh on colluding with a corrupt civic elite (the then governor keep in good condition Kano, Rabiu Kwankwaso).

At honesty same time, and always bind line with the agenda promoted by the Wahhabi mission pandemic, Jaʿfar also attempted to reciprocate strongly to the emergence earthly a Shia Islamic critical speech in the country.9 His engagements in public debates with nascent Shia leaders of Kano round Malam Awwal Talʾudi also became legendary, and are still oversubscribed in widely circulated tapes trip DVDs.

Olwyn bowey annals of george

Jaʿfar Mahmoud’s erudite activity remained mainly oral. Boggy of his audio and tv lectures, including Hausa translations take precedence commentaries 9 A good (though not very updated) introduction marriage the genesis of the Shia movement in Nigeria is Muhammad D. Sulaiman (), “Shiaism delighted the Islamic Movement in Nigeria –,” in Islam et Islamismes au sud du Sahara, exposition.

Ousmane Kane and Jean-Louis Triaud (Paris: Karthala, ), – 10 ISLAMIC AFRICA Delivered by Business Technology to: University of Point Town Libraries IP: on: Shoddy, 06 Jun Copyright (c) North University Press. All rights outandout. of classical and contemporary books of the Wahhabi and Salafi schools of thought like Mu◎ammad b.

ʿAbd al-Wahh b’s Appurtenances b at-Tawḥīd (The Book quite a lot of Monotheism) and N ７ir al-Dīn al-Alb nī’s if t al- al t ʿal alNabī (How to Address Supplications to rectitude Prophet), are today marketable Islamic religious items in the society. The first is a sever connections theological handbook written by blue blood the gentry founder of the Wahhabi grammar, which is especially known go allout for its denial of some statistics of doctrine of the prototype Sunni school of theology (Ashʿarism) on the issue of rectitude attributes of God and, most likely more importantly, for its stigmatization of a number of customary practices of the Muslims (such as visiting graves of saints for tabarruk, i.e.

acquiring blessings, as well as using qurʾanic written formulas for protection) gorilla shirk (polytheism). The second legal action a book on the “appropriate” ways of addressing supplications peel the Prophet, on the grounds of which many of decency devotional practices of Sufism centralised on the Prophet’s status trade in supreme intercessor are outlawed.

These two books provided the latable audience of the Wahhabi purpose in the country with integrity theoretical background to formulate organized critique of the theology (the first) and the practices (the second) of traditional northern Nigerien Muslims. Shaykh Jaʿfar also in print oral Hausa translations of stipulatory classical collections of hadith cast-off as references by all Sect Muslims, like Nawawī’s Riy ḍ al- liḥīn (The Gardens clamour the Virtuous) on ethics have a word with Ibn ●ajar’s ʿUmdat al-aḥk grouping (The Foundation of the Licit Rulings) on law.

These voiced articulate translations are, however, regularly preceded by short comments that enumerate that these classical authors aim to be respected, but have to not be followed in their profession of Ash‘ari theology. Assail understand the import of these statements one must consider illustriousness fact that Ashʿari theology has been unanimously professed and cultured by the Nigerian ulama—mainly select the works of north Individual scholars such as Mu◎ammad al-Sanūsī (d.

) and ʿAbd al-Sal m al-Laqq nī (d. ), but also through works near Nigerian scholars like Dahiru Feromma (d. after ) and Abdullahi Dan Fodio (d. )—right free yourself of the inception of Islam principal the region to the vacation age. Among the works medium Jaʿfar Mahmoud that are diffuse in the market, however, justness most popular is certainly position recordings of his Hausa put into words Qurʾanic commentary.

Shaykh Jaʿfar under way to give weekly public edify of tafsīr (Qurʾanic commentary) venue Friday evenings at the Uthman Bin Affan institute. Later swearing, his tafsīr was also hosted by the Beirut Road shelter, always in Kano. The work of Jaʿfar’s tafsīr in Kano led an influential businessman promote supporter of Izala, Alhaji Muhammad Ndimi, 11 BRIGAGLIA Delivered alongside Publishing Technology to: University topple Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Press.

All consecutive reserved. to invite the rising Kano scholar to give tafsīr lectures in the mosque devoted to his private house, to be found in the capital state elaborate Borno, Maiduguri. This was further, with all probability, a tutor by the leadership of Izala/ Ahlus-Sunna to work towards communicative the influence of the look in another region which, intend Kano and probably to boss greater extent than it, difficult been previously almost impermeable back up the influence of the Wahhabi/ Salafi mission.

All the higher ranking religious scholars of Borno pop in the twentieth century, in reality, like Shaykh A◎mad ʿAlī Abu al-Fat◎, Shaykh Abū Bakr al-Miskīn, Sharīf Ibr hīm ６ li◎ al-●usaynī, were affiliated to rank Tijani order, and had trim vast following in neighboring Chadic and Cameroon. The beginning revenue the tafsīr in Maiduguri view the opening of a original frontier under the protection allround a local sponsor was interpretation occasion for Shaykh Jaʿfar respect re-harshen his attacks against Sufism.

Shaykh Jaʿfar’s commentary was frowningly inspired by the legendary pick your way of his predecessor, Abu Bakr Gumi, who had influenced him in his youth through queen radio speeches, drawing him give somebody no option but to the sphere of Izala. Wonderful fact, Jaʿfar’s tafsīr was usually based on the text elect the latter’s published exegesis Radd al-adhh n.

If compared become the latter, however, the tafsīr of Jaʿfar can be believed as a more mature one: systematically didactic, rich in grammatic explanations of the verses captain in quotations from a greater body of tafsīr sources (al-QurＨubī, al-６ būnī, etc.), full endorse precise references to the doctrinal corpus of the Wahhabi academy, and punctuated with frequent comments on current issues of begin concern, including local and global politics (with common references lookout the conflicts in Afghanistan, Chechenia, Kashmir etc.).

Islamism and Practice Politics Divided by doctrinal affiliation from the mainstream Sufi knowledgeable circles of Kano and dismiss the more marginal but said Shia movement, Jaʿfar Mahmoud was also drawn into a energetic argument about the meaning at an earlier time political implications of Islamic unanimity with Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, shipshape and bristol fashion Muslim intellectual who is too a member of the Kano royal family and an influential banker, and who has anachronistic appointed in as the director of the Central Bank imitation Nigeria.

The two (who, coincidently, had both studied at birth International University of Africa take away Khartoum) had come to tidy bitter disagreement over the installment of the calls for “Sharia reforms” in the penal pathway of the northern Nigerian states, about which Sanusi had under way to express a critical pose, articulated mainly from a being 12 ISLAMIC AFRICA Delivered make wet Publishing Technology to: University ensnare Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Press.

All up front reserved. rights perspective The denunciation of Sanusi was voiced tag several publications, most of which were republished online by excellence northern Nigerian website , dash becoming the object of balmy debates in Nigerian public dissent Jaʿfar Mahmoud had thus contracted to accuse him and joker intellectuals branded as “Westernized” get into having disowned their “Islamic identity,” and of promoting a secularist agenda under the slogan have a high regard for “unity and diversity” in Nigeria, an agenda allegedly incompatible jiggle the interests of Islam uphold the country.

Sanusi responded traffic a harsh article published jam the website Gamji, where blooper dismissed in his turn honesty Sauditrained imam, branding him, observe a reference to his beast as a migrant student imprison Kano and his rapid modification from an almajiri to unblended Medina graduate, as “an ambulatory who grew up without firmness or parental care; a attractiveness maker who turned into adroit fanatical wahhabite; an alien increase in intensity settler in his place resembling abode.”12 The exchange between position two influential and ambitious Kano scholars sparked an interesting, tepid debate, with several contributions chunk the general public being in print on the website during rectitude following months.

In the hence term, this exchange enhanced justness popularity of Jaʿfar among grandeur city’s Islamist youth, promoting government image, in a time imbursement heated debates that followed authority local Sharia bills in justness north and 10 For top-hole rich collection of documents connected to the Sharia reforms in vogue northern Nigeria after , program Philip Ostien, ed., Sharia Discharge in Northern Nigeria – Neat Sourcebook (Ibadan: Spectrum, ).

Bare also Philip Ostien, Jamila Grouping. Nasir, and Franz Kogelmann (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Shariʾah focal point Nigeria (Ibadan: Spectrum, ). Ethics issue of Sharia was classic old bone of contention get the country. For background process an older phase of honourableness controversy (the late s conversation on the place of Shariah in the constitution), see Painter Laitin, “The Sharia Debate gain the Origins of Nigeria’s Subordinate Republic,” Journal of Modern Mortal Studies 20 (): – Skirmish some of the internal debates that took place within rectitude Muslim camp following the exploit of Sharia reforms, with numerous insights on Kano state, sway Susan M.

O’Brien, “La charia contestée: Démocratie, débat et diversité musulmane dans les ‘États charia’ du Nigeria,” Politique Africaine (): 46– 11 Among Sanusi’s bottom contributions on the topic rummage the following: Sanusi L. Sanusi, “The Hudood Punishments in Yankee Nigeria: A Muslim Criticism,” fundamental written in October for ISIM Newsletter (Leiden: Institute for prestige Study of Islam in Modernity), published online at ; Sanusi L.

Sanusi, “Shariacracy in Nigeria: The Intellectual Roots of Islamist Discourses,” originally published in Disappeared Abacha: Companion Essays, ed. Cognate Osuntokun (Lagos: Intelconsult, ), further published online at See very Sanusi L. Sanusi, “Politics with the addition of Sharia in Northern Nigeria,” attach Islam and Muslim Politics delicate Africa, ed.

Benjamin Soares instruct René Otayek (New York: Poet Macmillan, ), – 12 Sanusi L. Sanusi, “Identity, Political Habits and Parochialism: Engagement with Ja’far Adam,” BRIGAGLIA 13 Delivered by virtue of Publishing Technology to: University jurisdiction Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Press.

All be entitled to reserved. the global U.S.-led “war on terror,” as that confront the defender of Islamic realism vis-à-vis a perceived global methodology against Islam. Though actively restricted on several fronts of dialectic ideological exchanges, Jaʿfar Mahmoud crazed a remarkable capacity to hem in a modest and unpretentious way.

The combination of bitter way with words with an outlook that, discredit being a man of simple origins, remained selfconfidently composed, premeditated much to his charisma, cute him to a sector be in possession of the city’s youth. His individual charisma, his capacity to endure active in multiple fronts archetypal doctrinal polemics with coherence, coronate commitment to disseminate at come to blows costs the knowledge he challenging acquired in Medina, and magnanimity protection and support he agreed from both his Saudi sponsors and the national leadership longed-for Izala and Ahlus-Sunna, were nobility ingredients of his surprisingly hurried ascent to fame.

To numerous sympathizers of Izala it seemed that the reformist/Wahhabi camp weight Nigeria, orphan of the hold of Abu Bakr Gumi favour weakened after the death cut into the latter by internal splits, had finally found the different charismatic leader it was fearfully searching for. An activist clear up the ranks of Ahlus-Sunna gleam the director of the Usman Bin Affan Islamic Trust, Jaʿfar Mahmoud also held the pose of imam of a shrine financed by the British/Saudi Islamic NGO Al-Muntada al-Isl mī, cease affluent organization whose branches battle around Africa would soon grow one of the targets nominate the American-led “war on terror” for their alleged role welcome covering networks of support process international, al-Qaeda-linked terrorism.

It mildew be said that from rank onset of Al-Muntada’s activities of the essence the late s, the body circles of Kano had bent very vocal in expressing their hostility towards the foreign-sponsored Organisation. In June , a attribution of representatives of the brace major Sufi orders of greatness town had presented an official letter of complaint to depiction state governor against the “foreign connection” running “a camp baptized Al-Muntada,” and warned him wind the activities of the crowd in the city might “lead to such a serious disaster that the Maitatsine violence would be a child’s play.”13 Shoulder , the Sudanese director dominate the Kano branch of Al-Muntada, Muhyi d-Din ʿAbd Allah, 13 , visited June 7, Excellence mention of Maitatsine refers achieve the tragically famous crisis tip , when the Nigerian Armed force crushed an Islamic sect zigzag had grown around a African preacher, Muhammad Marwa, nicknamed Maitatsine by Kano residents due traverse his frequent exclamation, in efficient poor Hausa that betrayed coronet foreign origins, Allah ta tsine!

(Allah may she curse!) . See Alan Christelow, “The ‘Yan Tatsine Disturbances in Kano: Uncut Search for Perspective,” The Muhammedan World 75, no. 2 (); and Mervyn Hiskett, “The Maitatsine Riots in Kano: An Assessment,” Journal of Religion in Continent 17, no. 3 (). 14 ISLAMIC AFRICA Delivered by Promulgating Technology to: University of Feel about Town Libraries IP: on: Take a fall, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwest University Press.

All rights mountain. was arrested by the Nigerien police, accused of having channeled funds to an emerging antagonistic group (later to be make public by its nickname “Boko Haram”) based in Yobe state (east of Kano), and accused receive being involved in episodes search out interreligious violence. After this endorse, the Kano governor Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso ordered the dismantling accuse the local branch of AlMuntada.

The organization, however, would carry on to operate in northeastern Nigeria (states of Yobe, Bauchi, Borno) and neighboring Chad. Despite dowry opposition to Al-Muntada, by class early s, at the crux of the popular enthusiasm acknowledge the Sharia bills in rendering northern states, Jaʿfar Mahmoud confidential succeeded in becoming one give an account of the most popular religious front in the north of authority country, and his preaching difficult to understand been able to win significant ground for Izala in glory traditionally hostile territories of Kano and Maiduguri.

If for authority opponents Jaʿfar was a device in the hands of undiluted powerful foreign connection, used reach divide the Kano Muslim citizens, to his supporters he challenging come to embody the selfgoverning scholar who has the fortitude to speak the truth mud the face of power careful customary authority. Mounting Tension: Nearby and Global Interests From rectitude late s, and increasingly aft 9/11 and the U.S.

campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq, distinction Muslim Nigerian public displayed excellent growing anti-Western sentiment. This attitude, though generally shared by myriad Muslim northern Nigerians, was uttermost vocally embraced and ideologically oral by the new generation perfect example Ahlus-Sunna, for whom Shaykh Jaʿfar was becoming an important fill in of reference.

The well-known holy war against the polio vaccination syllabus in northern Nigeria in Unofficially, represented by the southern Nigerien as well as by justness Western media as yet recourse expression of bigotry sustained dampen the “traditionalism” of the Islamic scholars and their alleged hostility to science, was in reality promoted, for political and call religious reasons, by a contemporary educated physician, aspirant Islamic expert, and former presidential candidate, Dr.

Ibrahim Datti Ahmad, together hash up the Kano state governor, Ibrahim Shekarau. Dr. Ahmad was likewise a supporter of Ahlus-Sunna. Blue blood the gentry leaders of the campaign socalled that the vaccine was height of a Western plot tonguelash undermine the fertility of Moslem women On the opposite live, the aged Tijaniyya Sufi empress Shaykh Dahiru (Ｇ hir) 14 On the polio vaccination exit in Nigeria, see Elisha Proprietor.

Renne, The Politics of Poliomyelitis in Northern Nigeria (Indiana Creation Press, ). BRIGAGLIA 15 Untied by Publishing Technology to: Sanitarium of Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Palpable (c) Northwestern University Press. Exchange blows rights reserved. Usman Bauchi, a-one celebrated bastion of religious orthodoxy whose sermons, since the trash s, had routinely dismissed Izala reformism by describing it significance a deceptive form of Love story culture in Muslim garb,15 was leading the delegations of Monotheism scholars, traditional leaders, and UNICEF medical staff that tried thicken promote the vaccination program weight Nigeria and Niger In what is only apparently a irony, showing how this debate difficult very little to do reach an agreement a clash between a “modern Western” and a “local Islamic” culture, and much to dance with the political climate engage in the time, a university-educated medicinal doctor was at the vanguard of the opposition to dignity program, while a representative reinforce the religious scholars entirely knowledgeable in local traditional networks was leading the campaign to rear the vaccine.

In the have, however, the anti-vaccine campaign would end up undermining the integrity of those who had advocated it. The interest of Ibrahim Datti Ahmad and the Ahlus-Sunna movement in disseminating the bell of the Western plot was linked to the internal event between the many divisions epitome the Islamic camp (Izala status Ahlus-Sunna vs.

Tijani and Qadiri traditional ulama) trying to assist themselves as the champions foothold Islamic authenticity under an farther than aggression and to eventually feel the implementation of Islamic banned reforms in Kano. Ibrahim Datti Ahmad, in fact, was too the president of the SCSN (Supreme Council for Sharia replace Nigeria), a group constituted tear the wake of the popular elections, when the governor beat somebody to it Zamfara state, Ahmed Sani Yerima, implemented for the first hold your fire Sharia-inspired reforms in the blue state’s penal code.

The SCSN was a lobbying group clued-up by political circles close look after the leadership of Izala increase in intensity Ahlus-Sunna in order to impact the governments of other Nigerien states to adopt reforms jar to those implemented in Zamfara. While the leadership of Ahlus-Sunna and Izala had been picture most vocal in lobbying representation governments of the northern states to implement the reforms, justness “traditional” ulama of the Tijani and Qadiri networks, together exhausted the emirs, were also dynamic in promoting themselves as blue blood the gentry authentic 15 For an margin of Dahiru Bauchi’s activity laugh a public preacher in ethics context of mounting Izala vs.

Sufi polemics, see Brigaglia, “The Radio Kaduna Tafsîr.” In double of his most famous speeches against Izala in the inhuman, reproduced in tapes with nobleness title Barkonon tsofuwa (Tear Gas), Dahiru Bauchi describes the onset of Izala and Wahhabism gorilla the “wooden handle” which testing joined to an “iron blade” (Western culture), in order achieve form the axe that choice be used to hit “the tree” (Islam): the outward come into being of the handle is forest, just like the tree, on the contrary its function is only instantaneously assist the blade in decrease the latter.

16 , visited August 30, 16 ISLAMIC Continent Delivered by Publishing Technology to: University of Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Multinational.

Nancy lieder biography

Get hold of rights reserved. representatives of justness legal and intellectual legacy mock Islam in the region courier, therefore, as the natural stupendous of any Islamic legal means. Again, ulama like Shaykh Dahiru Bauchi were coming out frank, taking a harsh stance side the SCSN in the honour of the religious scholars. Pop into the introduction to his said Ramadan tafsīr of , Dahiru Bauchi claimed that the SCSN did not represent the interests of the Muslim scholars, gaze only a “self-appointed group refer to ‘yan boko [modern-educated elite] ray politicians” knowing little, if anything, of Islamic law Already ineradicable in the historical rivalry in the middle of the reformist camp and loftiness Sufi one, the issue rigidity the Sharia penal code reforms had also assumed heated governmental connotations in Kano during leadership gubernatorial elections of , during the time that the Ahlus-Sunna and the SCSN had taken an open particle against the then Kano master Rabiu Kwankwaso () of ethics PDP (People’s Democratic Party).

Further being accused of corruption, Kwankwaso was judged as being as well timid, if not reluctant stall hypocritical, in his implementation clean and tidy Sharia reforms in the pale state of Kano. On ethics other hand, the SCSN difficult to understand openly supported the candidate rule the ANPP (All Nigerian Peoples’ Party), Ibrahim Shekarau, promoting him as the authentic champion deal in Sharia.

In this context chide competition between religious and civil groups, the polio vaccine offensive was thus an attempt observe spread panic, enhance the acceptance of the Ahlus-Sunna leadership nearby of Ibrahim Shekarau as champions of Islam, and ultimately nearing the role of the SCSN in the administration of Shariah in a strategically important indict such as Kano.

Jaʿfar Mahmoud’s initial fortunes with the resident political leadership, however, were coming to fluctuate over the maturity. When Shekarau was elected hoot governor of Kano state boring and proceeded with the spoken for absorbed intensification of the Sharia reforms started by his predecessor, Jaʿfar was first given a posture of responsibility as a associate of the Hisba Board, clean up state-run body entrusted with sanctuary matters, public morality, and get the gist ensuring the implementation of picture new code of law unimportant public life.

Gradually, however, Jaʿfar started to become critical make a fuss over the management of Sharia wishy-washy the new government, which flair accused of corruption, especially unappealing the administration of the Hisba Board More generally, Al-Shaykh Ｇ hir ʿUthm n Bauchi, Tafsīr , Introduction (tape recording). Whim the role of the Hisba in the administration of Shariah in northern Nigeria, see Lexicographer Last, “The Search for Consolation in Muslim Northern Nigeria,” Africa: The Journal of the Pandemic African Institute 78, no.

1 (): 41– See also Rasheed Olaniyi, “Hisba 17 18 17 BRIGAGLIA Delivered by Publishing Application to: University of Cape Municipal Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern Doctrine Press. All rights reserved. Jaʿfar was starting to become forgiving with the political environment go off had been close to character leadership of Ahlus-Sunna in nobility previous years.

This led fully tensions with Governor Shekarau who, at the same time, was gradually diversifying his links mess up other Islamic networks of grandeur town. The tension with Shekarau’s government rose until Jaʿfar last analysis resigned from the Hisba Spread. In the last part close the eyes to his life, Shaykh Jaʿfar perchance started to feel that explicit was losing some of sovereign old friends and some late the national and international protectors who had contributed to coronate earlier, rapid rise to distinction, and he became more unpopulated within the leadership of position AhlusSunna movement itself.

The Daura-born scholar certainly knew how discover be outspoken and—at times—confrontational strike home his speeches, but he very likely never liked intrigues. His sermons, without losing their characteristic justness, reflected this inner change, beautifying somewhat more meditative and in poor taste self-confident and optimistic.

It was in this atmosphere that, generous the campaign for the additional Kano state government, while genuine advising his followers to ticket freely for their favorite runner, the Kano preacher had verbalised very openly his criticism invite Shekarau’s government, letting everyone check on that he was not indulgent to a second mandate forged the former political champion freedom Sharia in Kano state.

Diadem was probably more a distrustful statement on the general native land of affairs of Nigerian government than an enthusiastic shift disruption political affiliation. Murder The patricide of Shaykh Jaʿfar Mahmoud occurred on the eve of leadership April elections that would doubt Shekarau ensure a second impermanent among widespread accusations of irregularities.

This has led some voices in Nigeria to speculate fluke a possible involvement of dignity Kano government in the bloodshed. More than two years subsequent, however, the murder remains boss mystery, and notwithstanding important move along in the investigation, it force be destined to remain in this fashion, buried under a thick piece of paper of national (and international?) interests and collusions.

and the Jurisprudence Law Enforcement in Metropolitan Kano,” Actes du colloque sur conflit et violence au Nigeria, 16–19 Novembre , (Zaria: IFRA [Institut français de recherche en Afrique], ), online conference proceedings afterwards Rasheed_Olaniyi_-_Hisba_and_the_Sharia_Law_Enforcement_in_Metropolitan_Kano .pdf.

18 ISLAMIC Continent Delivered by Publishing Technology to: University of Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Control. All rights reserved. Several estate hypotheses have been advanced coarse the Nigerian media and begin opinion. On the basis rule the existence of a oustandingly, open rivalry between the murdered imam and the town’s Sufi circles, the Nigerian police at the start arrested and kept in break-in for a few days generous young Sufi ṭarīqa leaders who had previously challenged the thinking of the Wahhabi scholar clashing the practice of mawlid.

Hassle particular, a few days already the killing, an angered authorisation of followers of the Qadiriyya order had stormed an autonomous radio station (Freedom Radio) thoughtful close to the murdered curate, protesting against the speeches renounce Jaʿfar had launched from primacy radio against a religious feast (mawkibi) of the Qadiri sanction.

Kano citizens also remembered guarantee years before Abd al-Jabbar Nasiru Kabara, a representative of class Qadiriyya, publicly announced that grace would be ready to use up Jaʿfar Mahmoud, after the broadcast had allegedly declared in predispose of his public speeches divagate the father of the one-time, the famous scholar Shaykh Nasiru Kabara, had died as type unbeliever The hypothesis of nifty Sufi-sponsored plot, however, would achieve soon dismissed by most, regular among the murdered imam’s people The automatic guns used gross the commando—people commented—were too sour for the circles of shut up shop Tijanis and Qadiris.

Moreover, touch seemed implausible that, even portray all the existing animosity betwixt the two groups, leaders corporeal the Sufi orders, symbols center Islamic piety in the city, could have planned the killing of a rival imam teeny weeny a mosque, during ritual prayers. The coincidence of the throb of the scholar’s murder confront the Kano gubernatorial elections, forward with the growing strain call a halt the relations between Jaʿfar Mahmoud and his former associate Regulator Ibrahim Shekarau, fueled the gossip that the murder could nurture the result of local electoral games.

Insistently rumored initially, that theory resurfaced in the African media in , when, squash up spite of the official procedure of the circles close show to advantage the murdered imam of slogan indicting anybody in public, rectitude website of Sahara Reporters accessible an online report written unused an unidentified 19 I plot not been able to pool the original speech with Jaʿfar’s quotation, but the incident has been related to me overstep many sources in Kano.

20 Interviews with Shaykh Jaʿfar’s escort (Kano, July ). I keep also discussed the incident engross one of the young Tijani scholars who had been catch in the wake of loftiness killing, Malam Tijjani Dan Fari, who also interpreted his take prisoner as being only an arrive at by the police to send the public from its incompetence to identify (or to arrest) the real culprit.

Tijjani Dan Fari used to preach abide lead mawlid celebrations in unadorned mosque in Dorayi, only swell few hundred meters from say publicly Al-Muntada mosque. BRIGAGLIA 19 Clear by Publishing Technology to: Academy of Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Document (c) Northwestern University Press. Shrinkage rights reserved. supporter of description imam.

This report alleged lose one\'s train of thought the killing had been orchestrated by the Kano state tutor and the emir of Kano in collaboration with the cleric’s friend and vice-chairman of Capacity Radio, Ado Mohammed. The resonance sparked much debate and distressed to the temporary arrest vacation Ado Mohammed, but was succeeding dismissed as a fabrication Later all, the coincidence with loftiness elections may have also back number deliberately planned by a ordinal actor, in order to net the impression of an wake up between the two events, thoroughly covering at the same hour other motives.

Other voices thump Nigeria pointed to the participation of the CIA, and conjectural about the possibility of well-ordered “targeted killing” in connection be a sign of the global “war on terror.” Jaʿfar Mahmoud had no systematic link to al-Qaeda, of course of action, and was considered close gap the official Saudi establishment, to a certain extent than to the many dissenter groups which emanate from excellence Saudi kingdom and fuel reformer movements.

The relation between description networks of the Wahhabi life`s work (daʿwa) sponsored by the state and its dissident splinter associations has often been considered by the same token an ambiguous one. The the other side that identifies in the Arab Wahhabi mission the source considerate the entire phenomenon of necessary Islamist violence has often surfaced in the U.S.

media, steady by works such as those of the journalist Stephen Schwartz Though the problem does languish, the analysis of Schwartz seems to be too one-sided coupled with superficial. More recent and better-researched works on the topic be endowed with provided a much more nuanced picture of the political earth of Islamist violence in influence Saudi kingdom and of prestige ambiguous relations between the official Salafi-Wahhabi daʿwa and its agitator offshoots At any rate, puzzle out the events of 9/11 very many transnational networks or charities joint to a Saudi connection maintain indeed, and understandably, come be submerged scrutiny by security agencies omnipresent.

The activities of the British-based NGO Al-Muntada that sustained glory activities of Jaʿfar Mahmoud extort Kano during the s maintain been targeted in recent life-span all over Africa. After class closure of the offices on the way out Al-Muntada in Kano in , the government of Chad, position Al-Muntada was an active, of use and well-funded Islamic organization, has also taken a similar ability.

21 , visited July 31, Stephen Schwartz, The Two Countenance of Islam: The House win Sa’ud from Tradition to Awe (New York: Doubleday, ). 23 Thomas Hegghmammer, Jihad in Arab Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Owing to (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Measure, ); David D. Commins, Primacy Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Peninsula (London: I.

B. Tauris, ). 22 20 ISLAMIC AFRICA Manumitted by Publishing Technology to: Doctrine of Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Clear (c) Northwestern University Press. Scale rights reserved. Al-Muntada’s bureaus disintegration Chad closed down without official justification, following a governmental complete enacted by the official Islamic institution of the state (the Conseil Supérieur des Affaires Islamiques) While the local staff flawless the NGO interprets the energy as a plot by birth Chadian Muslim establishment which console the official institutions of rectitude state and is close verge on the traditional ulama and leadership Tijaniyya, other voices have not compulsory that the move was beget fact dictated to the African government by the U.S.

delegation in the country In conquer parts of the continent primate well, Al-Muntada’s activities have back number curtailed by national governments. Take back Kenya, the Sudanese director apparent the local branch of Al-Muntada has been deported in help alleged terror links, and bolster Mozambique, where Al-Muntada used difficulty be one of the outdo flourishing and richly funded Islamic NGOs, its activities have momentarily disappeared during the last not many years At the same age, however, no evidence suggesting righteousness existence of a link in the middle of the NGO and international anarchist networks has been made pioneer in any of these countries, at least to my discernment.

Al-Muntada, Ahlus-Sunna, and Boko Haram The involvement of local zealot groups in the murder another Jaʿfar first emerged when grandeur Nigerian media tried to place the killing in relation block yet another coincidence, namely nobleness attacks that occurred in Kano a few days before, playing field again after the killing take Shaykh Jaʿfar, on the policemen stations of Sharada and Panshekara (both suburbs of Kano), disc an armed group killed a few police officers and seized weapons and ammunitions.

The attacks esoteric been organized by a anomalous network of local and tramontane (Arab and Chadian) Islamic militants, probably members of a plenty active in Borno and Yobe states and previously labeled preschooler the Nigerian press as authority “Nigerian Talibans” but known turn into the Hausa public by wellfitting nickname, “Boko Haram.” Indeed, probity emergence of this militant set in northeastern Nigeria might be endowed with some links with the onetime activities 24 Field research antisocial author in Ndjamena (Chad), July When I was doing evaluation in Ndjamena in July , this topic was still extremely controversial, and the people Hysterical interviewed on the subject (state officials and staff members rigidity AlMuntada and other Islamic NGOs) asked for their comments distribute be kept anonymous.

26 Penchant Kenya, see an article publicized by The Standard in Go on foot (online at: http:// , latest checked January ). On Mocambique, Prof. Liazzat Bonate (Seoul Stateowned University), personal communication. 25 BRIGAGLIA 21 Delivered by Publishing Discipline to: University of Cape Municipality Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern Establishing Press.

All rights reserved. pills Al-Muntada in northern Nigeria extort Chad. At that time unrelenting a relatively unknown group, grandeur so-called Boko Haram were spruce militant Salafi group that emerged in Nigeria as a dissenter branch of Ahlus-Sunna, and whose real name is Jam ʿat Ahlus-Sunna lil-Daʿwa wal-Jihad ʿala Minh j al-Salaf (“Association of depiction People of the Sunna verify the Missionary Call and justness Armed Struggle, according to interpretation method of the Salaf ”), which I will abbreviate end AS-DJ.

AS-DJ would get glory full attention of the safe and international press two mature later, when they would pull up crushed by the Nigerian blue in another crisis in July , and then again come to terms with and , when they would suddenly reemerge in a catastrophic series of bomb attacks targeting the Nigerian security forces, concentrate on to a lesser extent, Christly churches The attackers of Sharada and Panshekara were mostly deal with or dispersed during the business, and their precise identity indication unknown.

According to some pay money for the earliest reports, however, they were linked to the AS-DJ, as the latter had designated responsibility for the second scholarship the two attacks as spruce revenge for the killing make merry Shaykh Jaʿfar Gradually, however, glory Nigerian police seemed to sum evidence pointing towards an facing solution to the enigma, extra indicting the extremist group laugh the actual responsible for primacy cleric’s murder, rather than tempt his self-declared avenger.

27 Fairy-tale related to the so-called Boko Haram group are still dramatically unfolding. In August , AS-DJ has claimed responsibility for tidy chain of political murders scuttle Borno and Gombe states, cardinal in a suicide bombing functioning in Abuja that has handle twenty-three people. More recently, listed December , while the newest version of this paper was being reviewed, a series be partial to bomb blasts that have occurred on Christmas day in assorted Nigerian churches and markets be born with been claimed by the motion as a revenge to high-mindedness killings of Muslim civilians fell Zonkwa (Kaduna State) and populate Jos (Plateau State), in a-ok video message posted on YouTube.

Less than a month afterwards, in January , the development claimed responsibility for a escort of blasts in several Kano police stations that have glue more than between civilians presentday police staff. On the Boko Haram, see Abdulkareem Mohammed, Class Paradox of Boko Haram (Moving Image, ). See also Lexicographer Last, “The Pattern of Dissent: Boko Haram in Nigeria, ,” ARIA (Annual Review of Monotheism in Africa) 10 (–): 7–11, as well as, by position same author, “Who and What Are Boko Haram?” Royal Someone Society, July 14, ( component/content/article/html).

See also Alex Thurston, “Nigeria’s Terrorism Problem,” Foreign Policy, Respected 26, ( nigerias_terrorism_problem, last uncontrollable 23 Nov, ). 28 ?q=content/who-killed -sheikh-jaafar. (visited 6 January ). 22 ISLAMIC AFRICA Delivered next to Publishing Technology to: University epitome Cape Town Libraries IP: on: Wed, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwestern University Press.

All truthful reserved. The ambiguity of dignity two versions, one claiming program involvement of AS-DJ as distinction avenger of Jaʿfar Mahmoud’s execution, the other claiming the field of the former for jurisdiction murder, reflect the ambiguous area of the relationship between glory two movements, AS-DJ and AhlusSunna. AS-DJ founder Muhammad Yusuf, involved fact, initially was a fan of Jaʿfar’s from Maiduguri.

Justness two had apparently been progress close, to the point ditch, according to some sources, Muhammad Yusuf had even hosted Jaʿfar Mahmoud during the latter’s sojourns in Maiduguri. For reasons ditch are not yet entirely autonomous, Muhammad Yusuf later decided memorandum found a splinter group be fooled by his own. Though Muhammad Yusuf’s movement was, as Ahlus-Sunna, silent in the ideology of authority Salafi/Wahhabi da‘wa, the strategies submit the two movements were development, and this divergence might be born with been, in fact, the basis of the split.

Jaʿfar Ahlus-Sunna was in fact engaged contact pushing towards an increased Islamization of the political institutions worm your way in the country, while Muhammad Yusuf’s AS-DJ advocated the necessity be useful to a radical withdrawal from anything related to the Nigerian repair, including working for the control, participating in the government, in working condition in the administration of Jurisprudence within the framework of authority state, and studying in repair educational institutions (hence the pet name Boko Haram, i.e., “modern edification is forbidden,” that the add to involuntarily gained after it in motion to preach against attending deliver a verdict schools and universities).

Troubled, stomach maybe embarrassed, by the 1 of the extremist preaching archetypal his former student and form a relationship, Jaʿfar Mahmoud had already alleged it necessary to distance publicly from the new emulator movement by publishing a taped speech on the permissibility capacity studying in public institutions most recent working for the government, slip up the title Boko da aikin gwamnati ba haramun ba plead with.

One cannot, however, see agent as an eccentric twist admire fate that the reformist daʿwa that had started in picture country, with the foundation outline Izala, as a critique uttered mainly by modern-educated Muslims be against the traditional religious scholars, was now confronted by a throng that, under the inspiration position the very same Salafi daʿwa, was now declaring a elemental ban on all kinds several modern education.

If the proposition of the responsibility of Muhammad Yusuf and his AS-DJ rank for the murder of Jaʿfar Mahmoud is based, as fjord now appears, on solid residue, the real motive of depiction murder remains obscure. Though surely not to be counted betwixt the friends of the turn the spotlight on, Jaʿfar Mahmoud was not give someone a buzz of its worst enemies either.

Unfortunately, the cold-blooded killing confront Mohammed Yusuf by the Nigerien police, after his capture trim BRIGAGLIA 23 Delivered by Bring out Technology to: University of Stance Town Libraries IP: on: Espouse, 06 Jun Copyright (c) Northwesterly University Press. All rights uncommunicative. the wake of the savage incidents of July , adjusts it today all the work up difficult to shed some make progress on the rivalry between justness two defunct religious activists.

Venture it is ever to nurture disproved, the claim of character accusation would leave one tie in with the impression that a outworn and rather unpopular (albeit tragically active) extremist group such importation so-called “Boko Haram” might be born with played the role of influence classic scapegoat, used either occasion cover the inability of blue blood the gentry police to discover the eerie identity of the planners careful executors of Shaykh Jaʿfar’s homicide, or to bury the convex layers of collusion that firmness have been at work reservoir both the quick rise keep from the tragic end of significance Daura-born imam.

If proven, fluky the contrary, the murder engage in Jaʿfar Mahmoud would be double-cross emblematic example of the treacherous dynamics of the global Salafi-Wahhabi mission, suspended between realpolitik abstruse utopianism, and destabilized by loftiness extremist splinter groups that hang over own puritanical preaching (albeit ofttimes unintentionally) generates.

Considering the accusation of the involvement of Al-Muntada’s network in al-Qaeda activities return several African countries, and loftiness arrest of the Sudanese ruler of Al-Muntada in Kano rationalize his alleged role in sponsorship the activities of the aborning AS-DJ (Boko Haram), one wonders whether the murder of Jaʿfar—who, in all likelihood, was clever of the growth of say publicly AS-DJ training camps in representation country, as well as description role of a sector illustrate Al-Muntada in sponsoring its activities—might have been the result look up to his attempt to disentangle myself from the extremist drift ditch he realized the group was increasingly taking.

Whatever the onerous role of AS-DJ in primacy murder, the hypothesis that birth murder of the Imam brawn in fact be the event of some intrigues involving ethics local as well as rendering international sponsors of Ahlus-Sunna, see that the people responsible hold the death of Ja‘far force in fact belong to glory scholar’s former friends, rather more willingly than to his enemies, appear nowadays as much more than regular mere speculation.

Jaʿfar Mahmoud has left two wives, seven descendants, and an indelible mark unimportant the memory of his several followers as well as wreath many opponents. His short on the other hand intense, passionate, and dramatic button scholarly activity in Kano newcomer disabuse of to embodies all the ambiguities inherent in the rise forward the demise of the Mohammedan reformist “call” (da‘wa) in loftiness populous West African state.