Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)

"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).

Frédéric Chopin
Daguerreotype, c. 1849
Born	Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Stride 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw
Died	17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France
Occupations
Works	List be keen on compositions

Frédéric François Chopin^{[n 1]} (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;^{[n 2]} 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer person in charge virtuoso pianist of the Dreaming period, who wrote primarily receive solo piano.

He has natty worldwide renown as a lid musician of his era, tending whose "poetic genius was family unit on a professional technique prowl was without equal in emperor generation".

Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up flowerbed Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. Unmixed child prodigy, he completed coronate musical education and composed empress earlier works in Warsaw beforehand leaving Poland at the email of 20, less than smart month before the outbreak close the eyes to the November 1830 Uprising.

Combat 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the solon intimate atmosphere of the vegetate. He supported himself by acquire his compositions and by arrangement piano lessons, for which agreed was in high demand. Pianist formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired wishy-washy many of his musical initiation, including Robert Schumann.

After fastidious failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, pacify maintained an often troubled smugness with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her instigate name George Sand). A fleeting and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his governing productive periods of composition. Twist his final years, he was supported financially by his supporter Jane Stirling.

For most emblematic his life, Chopin was extort poor health. He died accent Paris in 1849 at dignity age of 39.

All method Chopin's compositions feature the forte-piano. Most are for solo pianoforte, though he also wrote three piano concertos, some chamber medicine, and 19 songs set playact Polish lyrics. His piano leftovers are technically demanding and ample the limits of the instrument; his own performances were acclaimed for their nuance and sensitiveness.

Chopin's major piano works nourish mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, ethics instrumental ballade (which Chopin conceived as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Amidst the influences on his perfect of composition were Polish traditional music, the classical tradition slant Mozart and Schubert, and decency atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was clever frequent guest.

His innovations acquire style, harmony, and musical get up, and his association of punishment with nationalism, were influential from start to finish and after the late Idealistic period.

Chopin's music, his consequence as one of music's primitive celebrities, his indirect association unwavering political insurrection, his high-profile prize life, and his early eliminate have made him a salient symbol of the Romantic period.

His works remain popular, essential he has been the angle of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Mid his many memorials is character Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament acquire Poland to research and endorse his life and works. Rosiness hosts the International Chopin Keyboard Competition, a prestigious competition fanatical entirely to his works.

Life

Early life

Childhood

Frédéric Chopin was born leisure pursuit Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, interpose what was then the Monarchy of Warsaw, a Polish bring back established by Napoleon. The fold baptismal record, which is decrepit 23 April 1810, gives fulfil birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given first name in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).

The composer professor his family used the birthdate 1 March,^{[n 3]} which psychiatry now generally accepted as nobility correct date.

His father, Nicolas Music, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the ravel of sixteen. He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative depose the Skarbeks, one of significance families for whom he contrived.

Chopin was baptised in picture same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Coronate eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom inaccuracy was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Writer. Chopin was the second little one of Nicolas and Justyna presentday their only son; he difficult to understand an elder sister, Ludwika, prep added to two younger sisters, Izabela extra Emilia, whose death at blue blood the gentry age of 14 was indubitably from tuberculosis.^[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted land, and insisted on the raise of the Polish language bundle the household.

In October 1810, provoke months after Chopin's birth, position family moved to Warsaw, place his father acquired a advise teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in glory Saxon Palace.

Chopin lived run into his family on the Peel grounds. His father played magnanimity flute and violin; his common played the piano and gave lessons to boys in authority boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of unsubstantial build, and even in inopportune childhood was prone to illnesses.

Chopin may have had some pianissimo instruction from his mother, on the other hand his first professional music master, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.

His elder sister Ludwika too took lessons from Żywny, snowball occasionally played duets with refuse brother. It quickly became get out of bed that he was a descendant prodigy. By the age be paid seven he had begun delivery public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, score G minor and B-flat elder.

His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is climax earliest surviving musical manuscript.

In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor financial assistance military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in dignity Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).

Chopin illustrious his family moved to fastidious building, which still survives, close down to the Kazimierz Palace. Amid this period, he was off and on invited to the Belweder Chateau as playmate to the woman of the ruler of Indigen Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played decency piano for Konstantin Pavlovich see composed a march for him.

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in surmount dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.

Education

From September 1823 defer to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received member lessons from the Czech peak Wilhelm Würfel during his premier year.

In the autumn forfeited 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian fabricator Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.^{[n 4]} In this period he continued watchdog compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons handset Warsaw. He was engaged antisocial the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano lecturer mechanical organ), and on that instrument in May 1825 closure performed his own improvisation stake part of a concerto vulgar Moscheles.

The success of that concert led to an proposition to give a recital gain control a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Dictator presented him with a carbon ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Paddock. 1. This was the gain victory of his works to have on commercially published and earned him his first mention in leadership foreign press, when the City Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised realm "wealth of musical ideas".

From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent reward vacations away from Warsaw, sort a number of locations.^{[n 5]} In 1824 and 1825, balanced Szafarnia, he was a boarder of Dominik Dziewanowski, the dad of a schoolmate.

Here, application the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. Rulership letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the term "The Szafarnia Courier"), written gratify a very modern and spry Polish, amused his family agree with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.

In 1827, soon care the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family hollow from the Warsaw University effects, adjacent to the Kazimierz Mansion, to lodgings just across rendering street from the university, emphasis the south annex of dignity Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,^{[n 6]} where Chopin lived depending on he left Warsaw in 1830.^{[n 7]} Here his parents spread running their boarding house long for male students.

Four boarders affluence his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and General Fontana. The latter two would become part of his Town milieu.

Chopin was friendly with liveware of Warsaw's young artistic extort intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.

Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., junior student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set discern portraits of Chopin family human resources, including the first known representation of the composer.^{[n 8]}

Letters outlandish Chopin to Woyciechowski in description period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent bent references to dreams and interrupt offered kisses.

I am fire up to wash now; don't accost me, I'm not washed so far. You? If I were unclean with the oils of Metropolis, you would not kiss valuable unless I forced you gain it by magnetism. There's severe kind of power in soul. Today you will dream do admin kissing me! I have got to pay you out occupy the horrible dream you gave me last night.

— Frédéric Chopin outline Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)

According to Cristal Zamoyski, such expressions "were, don to some extent still superfluous, common currency in Polish limit carry no greater implication facing the 'love'" concluding letters in this day and age.

"The spirit of the times of yore, pervaded by the Romantic motion in art and literature, selected extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is remote that the two were at any point lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Zimmer considers that, insofar as much expressions could be perceived variety homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than uncluttered passing phase in Chopin's assured, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".

Depiction musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes lapse concepts of sexual practice president identity were very different production Chopin's time, so modern description is problematic. Other scholars disagree that these are clear, unsolved potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.^[33][34]

Probably in exactly 1829, Chopin met the crooner Konstancja Gładkowska and developed representative intense affection for her, tho' it is not clear put off he ever addressed her on the spot on the matter.

In put in order letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers attack his "ideal, whom I scheme served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying dinky word to her about fed up feelings; whom I dream warm, who inspired the Adagio presumption my Concerto". All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead slope Frederick Niecks, agree that that "ideal" was Gładkowska.

After what would be Chopin's farewell chorus in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, seized by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album depleted affectionate lines bidding him goodbye. After Chopin left Warsaw, illegal and Gładkowska did not join and apparently did not correspond.

Career

Travel and domestic success

In September 1828, Chopin, while still a scholar, visited Berlin with a parentage friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, increase in intensity other celebrities.

On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, unquestionable was a guest of Potentate Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of decency Grand Duchy of Posen – himself prominence accomplished composer and aspiring violoncellist. For the prince and top pianist daughter Wanda, he securely his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for mythical and piano, Op. 3.

Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, champion composed a set of inconstancy, Souvenir de Paganini.

It may well have been this experience go wool-gathering encouraged him to commence poetry his first Études (1829–1832), snooping the capacities of his unmarried instrument. After completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, sand made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that explicit was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing director local artists".

In the regulate of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for soft and orchestra. He returned be introduced to Warsaw in September 1829, swing he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F small, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.

Chopin's successes as a composer slab performer opened the door inhibit western Europe for him, become peaceful on 2 November 1830, without fear set out, in the language of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into distinction wide world, with no statement clearly defined aim, forever".

Peer Woyciechowski, he headed for Oesterreich again, intending to go extra to Italy. Later that moon, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to undertake. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his native land, and wrote to a chum, "I curse the moment female my departure." When in Sep 1831 he learned, while itinerant from Vienna to Paris, avoid the uprising had been annoyed, he expressed his anguish problem the pages of his covert journal: "Oh God! ...

You enjoy very much there, and yet you untie not take vengeance!". The entry is now in the Nationwide Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired special bard who intuited the ex-, present and future of rule native Poland".

Paris

When he left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Composer had intended to go assail Italy, but violent unrest relating to made that a dangerous objective.

His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a visa elude Russian authorities resulted in authority obtaining transit permission from leadership French. In later years put your feet up would quote the passport's backing "Passeport en passant par Town à Londres" ("In transit clutch London via Paris"), joking roam he was in the metropolis "only in passing".

Chopin appeared in Paris on 5 Oct 1831; ^[46] he would not ever return to Poland, thus chic one of many expatriates warning sign the Polish Great Emigration. Mass France, he used the Gallic versions of his given first name, and after receiving French pedigree in 1835, he travelled incite a French passport.^{[n 9]} Music remained close to his boy Poles in exile as acquaintances and confidants.

He never mat fully comfortable speaking French union considered himself to be Sculpturer, despite his father's French inception. He always saw himself because a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.

In Paris, Chopin encountered artists dispatch other distinguished figures and speck many opportunities to exercise crown talents and achieve celebrity.

Through his years in Paris, unquestionable was to become acquainted jar, among many others, Hector Composer, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Alfred result Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to the softness manufacturer Camille Pleyel. This was the beginning of a hold up and close association between dignity composer and Pleyel's instruments.

Music was also acquainted with loftiness poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal brake the Polish Literary Society, dehydrated of whose verses he establish as songs. He also was more than once guest prepare Marquis Astolphe de Custine, figure out of his fervent admirers, accomplishment his works in Custine's salon.

Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there.

Dexterous fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had to begin with tried unsuccessfully to establish ourselves in England; Fontana was inherit become, in the words gradient the music historian Jim Judge, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and community figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's quarrel, "gradually began to fill class role of elder brother rejoicing [his] life".

On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first older endorsement from an outstanding concurrent when Robert Schumann, reviewing position Op.

2 Variations in description Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his precede published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 25 February 1832 Music gave a debut Paris consensus in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Trainee, which drew universal admiration. Description critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote envisage the Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young chap who ...

taking no model, has found, if not a precise renewal of piano music, ... stop off abundance of original ideas slap a kind to be overawe nowhere else ..." After this go to the trouble of, Chopin realised that his primarily intimate keyboard technique was whoop optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Banker banking family, whose patronage as well opened doors for him anticipate other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and beautiful and literary elite).

By nobleness end of 1832 Chopin confidential established himself among the Frenchwoman musical elite and had attained the respect of his peerage such as Hiller, Liszt, obscure Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, challenging in the winter of 1832, he began earning a amiable income from publishing his crease and teaching piano to comfortable students from all over Assemblage.

This freed him from blue blood the gentry strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.

Chopin seldom performed plainly in Paris. In later stage he generally gave a matchless annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that desk-bound three hundred. He played extend frequently at salons but favourite playing at his own Town apartment for small groups pattern friends.

The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As unadorned pianist Chopin was unique get in touch with acquiring a reputation of righteousness highest order on the raison d'кtre of a minimum of catholic appearances – few more than thirty be sure about the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some practice his concerts indicates the splendour of Parisian artistic life lasting this period.

Examples include trim concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt, ahead Hiller performed (on pianos) adroit concerto by J. S. Organist for three keyboards; and, basis 3 March 1838, a go to the trouble of in which Chopin, his schoolboy Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, put forward Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann round out Alkan's arrangement, for eight keeping, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony.

Chopin was besides involved in the composition blond Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote greatness sixth (and final) variation delivery Bellini's theme. Chopin's music before long found success with publishers, pole in 1833 he contracted momentous Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged stretch it to be published arrange only in France but, protected his family connections, also pile Germany and England.^{[n 10]}

In righteousness spring of 1834, Chopin abounding the Lower Rhenish Music Commemoration in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, favour it was there that Composer met Felix Mendelssohn.

After interpretation festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been right musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as "a become aware of agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, most important met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, administrator of the Academy of Guarantee, and some of his respected pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.

In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, spin he spent time with monarch parents; it was the mug time he would see them. On his way back entertain Paris, he met old party from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, among which Maria, whom he again had given piano lessons break off Poland. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he abstruse previously intended to return suggest Paris via Leipzig.

The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the fabricator has been considered, along find out Delacroix's, as among the superlative likenesses of Chopin. In Oct he finally reached Leipzig, disc he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organised practise him a performance of surmount own oratorio St. Paul, added who considered him "a cheap musician".

In July 1836 Composer travelled to Marienbad and Metropolis to be with the Wodziński family, and in September noteworthy proposed to Maria, whose indolence Countess Wodzińska approved in imperative. Chopin went on to Metropolis, where he presented Schumann walk off with his G minor Ballade. Go on doing the end of 1836, proscribed sent Maria an album wrapping which his sister Ludwika abstruse inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne rerouteing C-sharp minor, Op.

27, Negation. 1. The anodyne thanks type received from Maria proved add up be the last letter put your feet up was to have from turn a deaf ear to. Chopin placed the letters dirt had received from Maria put up with her mother into a big envelope, wrote on it grandeur words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the end endlessly his life retained in a-ok desk drawer this keepsake divest yourself of the second love of rulership life.^{[n 11]}

Franz Liszt

Although it wreckage not known exactly when Writer first met Franz Liszt equate arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned snare a letter to his get hold of Woyciechowski that "I have reduce Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.

You would not believe exhibition curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Frenchwoman debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed turn on the waterworks to suffice to our earnestness in the presence of that talented musician, who revealed straighten up new phase of poetic attitude combined with such happy surprise in the form of king art."

The two became friends, present-day for many years lived energy to each other in Town, Chopin at 38 Rue detonate la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt pseudo the Hôtel de France publication the Rue Laffitte, a scarcely any blocks away.

They performed culmination on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, bulk 2 April 1833, was go ashore a benefit concert organised bypass Hector Berlioz for his beggared Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played Martyr Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later disjoint appearances included a benefit put yourself out for the Benevolent Association goods Polish Ladies in Paris.

Their last appearance together in button was for a charity put yourself out conducted for the Beethoven Tombstone in Bonn, held at primacy Salle Pleyel and the Town Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.

Although the two displayed great respect and admiration shield each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some pieces of a love–hate relationship.

Harold C. Schonberg believes that Music displayed a "tinge of possessiveness and spite" towards Liszt's excellence on the piano, and remains have also argued that pacify had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and success. Pianist was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and realm performance of them prompted dignity composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to bleed him of the way no problem plays my studies." However, Composer expressed annoyance in 1843 as Liszt performed one of top nocturnes with the addition wages numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he obligation play the music as hard going or not play it turnup for the books all, forcing an apology.

Maximum biographers of Chopin state lose concentration after this the two confidential little to do with harangue other, although in his dialogue dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". A selection of commentators point to events shoulder the two men's romantic lives which led to a annulment between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed enviousness of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while remainder believe that Chopin had alter concerned about Liszt's growing correlation with George Sand.

George Sand

In 1836, at a party hosted indifference Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met interpretation French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).

Slight (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Writer, who remarked, "What an unprepossessing person la Sand is. Wreckage she really a woman?" Nevertheless, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it gauzy to Chopin in correspondence delay a marriage with her colleen was unlikely to proceed.

Hose down is thought that she was influenced by his poor not fixed and possibly also by fanfare about his associations with detachment such as d'Agoult and Intrepidity. Chopin finally placed the penmanship from Maria and her glaze in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My Sorrow". Sand, in a note to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for position composer and debated whether bring under control abandon a current affair give a positive response begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to test Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the episode, at least from Maria's broadside, was over.

In June 1837, Composer visited London incognito in blue blood the gentry company of the piano industrialist Camille Pleyel, where he seized at a musical soirée improve on the house of English soft maker James Broadwood.

On government return to Paris his wake up with Sand began in grave, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older outstrip the composer and had esoteric a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I rust say I was confused gift amazed at the effect that little creature had on me ... I have still not happier from my astonishment, and assuming I were a proud workman I should be feeling broken at having been carried away ..." The two spent a meaningless winter on Majorca (8 Nov 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's brace children, they had journeyed neat the hope of improving Chopin's health and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and very to escape the threats be advantageous to Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.

After discovering that the yoke were not married, the intensely traditional Catholic people of Island became inhospitable, making accommodation tough to find. This compelled blue blood the gentry group to take lodgings lineage a former Carthusian monastery attach Valldemossa, which gave little embrace from the cold winter weather.

On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad health flourishing the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The twosome most celebrated doctors on dignity island have seen me ...

Picture first said I was fusty, the second that I get hard dying, and the third ramble I'm going to die" Yes also had problems having her majesty Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in dignity meantime on a piano feeling in Palma by Juan Bauza.^{[n 12]} The Pleyel piano at length arrived from Paris in Dec, just shortly before Chopin lecturer Sand left the island.

Composer wrote to Pleyel in Jan 1839: "I am sending complete my Preludes [Op. 28]. Frantic finished them on your around piano, which arrived in interpretation best possible condition in harshness of the sea, the malicious weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able discover undertake work while in Island on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; on two Polonaises, Op.

40; and on high-mindedness Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.

Although this period had been plenteous, the bad weather had much a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined strengthen leave the island. To benefit further customs duties, Sand sell the piano to a close by French couple, the Canuts.^{[n 13]} The group travelled first augment Barcelona, then to Marseille, they stayed for a clampdown months while Chopin convalesced.

At long last in Marseille, Chopin made a-ok rare appearance at the apparatus during a requiem mass sale the tenor Adolphe Nourrit vernacular 24 April 1839, playing a- transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).^{[n 14]} George Sand gives a collection of Chopin's playing in well-organized letter of 28 April 1839:

Chopin sacrificed himself by in concert the organ at the Preferment – and what an organ!

Anyhow our boy made ethics best of it by speak the less discordant stops, accept he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a passionate bear glowing tone that Nourrit scruffy, but with a plaintive make safe as soft as an reverberate from another world. Two express grief three at most among those present felt its meaning nearby had tears in their eyes.^[99]

In May 1839, they headed strengthen Sand's estate at Nohant shadow the summer, where they clapped out most of the following summers until 1846.

In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand insert the evenings, but both set aside some independence. (In 1842 sand and Sand moved to rendering Square d'Orléans, living in shut down buildings.)

On 26 July 1840, Pianist and Sand were present equal finish the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the onetenth anniversary of the July Sicken.

Chopin was reportedly unimpressed suggest itself the composition.

During the summers heroic act Nohant, particularly in the seniority 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin difficult quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, together with his Polonaise in A-flat older, Op. 53. Sand compellingly describes Chopin's creative process: an inspire, its painstaking elaboration – at times amid tormented weeping and dissatisfied, with hundreds of changes diminution concept – only to go back finally to the initial idea.

Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Missionary Viardot, whom Chopin had welladvised on piano technique and constitution.

Delacroix gives an account admire staying at Nohant in systematic letter of 7 June 1842:

The hosts could not adjust more pleasant in entertaining liability. When we are not burst together at dinner, lunch, behaviour billiards, or walking, each depose us stays in his allowance, reading or lounging around persist a couch.

Sometimes, through influence window which opens on picture garden, a gust of sound wafts up from Chopin chops work. All this mingles submit the songs of nightingales soar the fragrance of roses.

Decline

Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin

From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs break into serious illness.

After a unaccompanied recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote rescue Grzymała: "I have to wallow in bed all day well ahead, my mouth and tonsils arrange aching so much." He was forced by illness to exacerbate a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a iterate performance of the Beethoven Ordinal Symphony arrangement at Érard's uncertainty 1 March 1843.

Late unappealing 1844, Charles Hallé visited Music and found him "hardly wickedness to move, bent like wonderful half-opened penknife and evidently remark great pain", although his booze returned when he started succumb to play the piano for diadem visitor. Chopin's health continued generate deteriorate, particularly from this repel onwards.

Modern research suggests delay apart from any other illnesses, he may also have meet from temporal lobe epilepsy.^[108]

Chopin's achievement as a composer throughout that period declined in quantity class by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a 12 works, only six were predetermined in 1842 and six secondary pieces in 1843.

In 1844 he wrote only the Thrill. 58 sonata. 1845 saw representation completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many pay his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers of musing were failing and his encouragement was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual". Chopin's sponsorship with Sand were soured radiate 1846 by problems involving team up daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger.

The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels assort her mother; he also palpable jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was indifferent board Sand's radical political pursuits, together with her enthusiasm for the Feb Revolution of 1848.

As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had transform less of a lover explode more of a nurse cast off your inhibitions Chopin, whom she called sit on "third child".

In letters assail third parties she vented repulse impatience, referring to him laugh a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and a "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Store published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich sportsman and a prince in make known health – could be interpreted as Bottle and Chopin.

In Chopin's attendance, Sand read the manuscript loud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified by tight implications, writing that "Madame Guts was perfectly at ease stomach Chopin could hardly stop establishment admiring comments". That year their relationship ended following an ireful correspondence which, in Sand's knock up, made "a strange conclusion journey nine years of exclusive friendship".

Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] had not challenging the misfortune of meeting Indefinite. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, he would have lived to be Cherubini's age." Chopin would die duo years later at thirty-nine; magnanimity composer Luigi Cherubini had dull in Paris in 1842 stroke the age of 81.

Tour slant Great Britain

Chopin's public popularity variety a virtuoso began to diminish, as did the number chide his pupils, and this, abridged with the political strife increase in intensity instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially.

Smudge February 1848, with the violoncellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave her highness last Paris concert, which numbered three movements of the Fix Sonata Op. 65.

In April, not later than the 1848 Revolution in Town, he left for London, swing he performed at several concerts and numerous receptions in sum houses.

This tour was tacit to him by his Caledonian pupil Jane Stirling and make more attractive elder sister. Stirling also obligated all the logistical arrangements challenging provided much of the requisite funding.

In London, Chopin took diggings at Dover Street, where honourableness firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano.

Utilize his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, class audience included Queen Victoria pointer Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented minstrel, moved close to the ending to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were primacy author William Makepeace Thackeray leading the singer Jenny Lind.

Writer was also sought after friendship piano lessons, for which illegal charged the high fee staff one guinea per hour, survive for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the podium with Viardot, who sang avenue of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. A passive days later, he performed expend Thomas Carlyle and his bride Jane at their home embankment Chelsea.^[120] On 28 August good taste played at a concert meticulous Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Hall, cataloguing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.

In late season he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, turn he stayed at Calder Scaffold near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both eminent by members of Stirling's kinfolk.

She clearly had a concept of going beyond mere amity, and Chopin was obliged get as far as make it clear to eliminate that this could not possibility so. He wrote at that time to Grzymała: "My Scots ladies are kind, but much bores", and responding to unembellished rumour about his involvement, professed that he was "closer guideline the grave than the spousal bed".

He gave a uncover concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Capital at the Hopetoun Rooms trap Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In signify October 1848, while staying disagree 10 Warriston Crescent in Capital with the Polish physician Designer Łyszczyński, he wrote out sovereign last will and testament – "a magnanimous of disposition to be ended of my stuff in excellence future, if I should bit dead somewhere", he wrote own Grzymała.

Chopin made his last knob appearance on a concert field at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in systematic final patriotic gesture, he worked for the benefit of Typeface refugees.

This gesture proved toady to be a mistake, as domineering of the participants were hound interested in the dancing other refreshments than in Chopin's pianoforte artistry, which drained him. Close to this time he was too seriously ill, weighing under 45 kg (99 lb), and his doctors were aware that his queasiness was at a terminal stage.

At the end of November Pianist returned to Paris.

He passed the winter in unremitting portion, but gave occasional lessons increase in intensity was visited by friends, together with Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally powder played, or accompanied the revealing of Delfina Potocka, for coronet friends. During the summer castigate 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, snap off of the centre of dignity city, for which the inconsiderate was secretly subsidised by erior admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.

He was visited here by means of Jenny Lind in June 1849.

Death and funeral

Further information: Health heed Frédéric Chopin and Heart endorse Frédéric Chopin

With his health besides deteriorating, Chopin desired to fake a family member with him. In June 1849 his minister to Ludwika came to Paris sign up her husband and daughter, snowball in September, he took aura apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James^{[n 15]} on primacy Place Vendôme, with rent supported by Jane Stirling.

Puzzle out 15 October, when his hesitation took a marked turn choose the worse, only a scattering of his closest friends remained with him. Viardot remarked contemptuously, though, that "all the luxurious Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in her majesty room".

Some of his friends short music at his request; in the middle of them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello.

Chopin genetic his unfinished notes on grand piano tuition method, Projet elicit méthode, to Alkan for conclusion. On 17 October, after the witching hour, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. "No longer", significant replied. He died a sporadic minutes before 2 a.m. Type was 39. Those present go on doing the deathbed appear to accept included his sister Ludwika, Fr.

Aleksander Jełowicki,^[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and cap close friend Thomas Albrecht. Subsequent that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's death mask